Microscope

Human naked eyes cannot observe objects with size smaller than 0.1 mm

Microscope is a tool that is used to observed microscopic objects that cannot be seen with the naked eyes.

A light microscope works by means of centralizing light caught by our eyes to form a magnificated image of an object.

 

1.The first useful microscope was developed in the Netherlands in the early 1600s.
2. Three different eyeglass makers have been given credit for the invention: Hans Lippershey (who also developed the first real telescope); Hans Janssen; and his son, Zacharias.
The first useful microscope was developed in the Netherlands in the early 1600s.

Objectives
To know parts and their functions of a microscope

Light microscope

Stereo microscope

Electron Microscope

Electron microscopes, which use beams of electrons instead of light, are designed for very high magnification usage. 
Electrons, which have a much smaller wavelength than visible light, allow a much higher resolution.

Microscope Parts

Parts of Microscope and their function
Eyepiece : to magnificate image you look through
Coarse focus(macrometer): focuses the image under low power
Body tube(tabung): connect the eyepiece to the revolving nose piece
Fine focus(micrometer): sharpens the image under high and low magnification
Revolver(revolver): holds and turns the objectives into viewing position
Low-power objective Lens : contains the lens with lower power magnification
High-power objective Lens : contains the lens with high (the most) magnification
Arm(kaki): support the body tube.
Stage(meja): platform used to support the microscope slide
Stage clips(penjepit di meja): hold the microscope slide in place
Diaphragm(diagram): regulates the amount of light entering the body tube
Mirror(cermin): allows light to go upward through the diaphragm, the specimen, and the lenses
Base(kaki): provides support for the microscope

How to figure out the Magnification?
Eyepiece Objective Lens Magnification
Low Power 10 X 10 X 100 X
High Power 10 X 45 X 450 X

Working with your microscope !
1.Place the microscope on flat surface. The arm should be toward you.
2.Look through the eyepiece. Open the diaphragm.
3.Adjust the mirror until you can see the most light coming through the tube. 
4.Place the slide so that the material to be observed is in the middle of the hole on the stage. 
5.Turn the nosepiece to the low- or medium-power objective- never start to the high-power. 
6.Turn the coarse focus until the objective goes as far as it can without touching the slide.
7.Finally, look through the eyepiece and sharpens the image by turning the fine focus. 

~Once you have examined the specimen under low power, try this: 
fiddle with the mirror. Sometimes you can change the light and see the specimen in a different way. 
~as you look through the eyepiece, try moving the slide to see different parts of the specimen. This takes practice. 
~try a high-power objective, but expect the light to be dimmer. You will probably have to change the focus a bit. 

Student Activity: 
Have you ever thought that life exists in a very small drop of water?

what do you need?
Microscope
Object glass
Cover glass
Pipette
Pond Water
Chemical glass 100 ml

Select a water environment (river, gutter, well, etc), in your school area and take samples of water. Observe what is inside the water by taking a drop of water
Observation Result

~Observe and draw the organism seen under the microscope
~How many kinds of organisms can you observe?

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

What is Scientific Method?

Scientific method is a way that used by the researchers to solve the problem

The steps of scientific method are:

• Finding and formulating problems
• Formulating hypotheses
• Testing hypotheses or conducting experiment
• Drawing conclusion.

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

1.Observation

2.Measurement

3.Comunication

4.Clasification

5.Expriment

6.Problem solving.

3.Testing hypotheses or conducting experiments;

plant green bean and put them in two different places ,one of them your put in bright place and the other you put in the dark place

• Scientific method is a way that used by the researchers to solve the problem.
• Scientists use a series of steps called scientific method to solve a
  problems. What are the steps of scientific method

The steps of scientific method are:

• Finding and formulating problems
• Formulating hypotheses
• Testing hypotheses or conducting experiment
• Drawing conclusion.

Finding and formulating problems

Why plants that live in the bright place more fertile than in the dark place?

Formulating hypotheses

The plant that live in the bright place more fresh than in the dark place .Then observe them every day for 3 days,than make note.

4.Drawing conclusion :

actually the plant put at bright place better than put at dark place because plant that place bright get more sunlight and easy getting photosyntheses.

How to used a scientific method to solve a problem :the impact of detergent on fish.

Activity: you need :2 glasses, 2 fish and water , detergent.

Design an experiment

1.Give label A and B on the glasses. ,Fill each glass with 50 ml of water.

2.Put fish in glass A and B and add 5 drops of detergent to glass B. And observe the fish in each glass for 5 minutes and see whether the fish stay a live or die.

3Not the observation in table

Observation table

 

-under which condition (fresh water or water + detergent) do fish live

-under which condition (fresh water + detergent ) do fish die.

Analysis and application

Check your hypothesis. Does it support your data. Explain And give reason

2.How do water and detergent bring impact on the live of fish.

Conclusion:

• The steps of scientific method :
• 1.Finding and formulating problems
• Formulating hypotheses
• Testing hypotheses or conducting experiments
• Drawing conclusion. 
   

OBSERVATION OF NATURAL PHENOMENA

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Objectives:

• To conduct qualitative observation systematically

• To conduct quantative observation systematically

What is Science?

• We see various natural phenomena in our daily life. Natural phenomena are things that happen in nature.

a. lightning, rainbow, melting of ice,growth of a baby into an adult, and the fall of ball to the ground are e few exampels of natural phenomena.

b. We want to know why and how all these things happen. We search for answers. The study of science gives us the answers.

Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment.

The information produced from the study of science is known as scientific knowledge.

Qualitative data is :

data that we can observe by using our senses

Quantitative data is :

data that we can observe by using help of tools

What is scientific method?(1)

The method that scientist use to do research.

Scientific steps:

• asking question
• collecting data
• formulating hypothesis
• design experiment
• doing experiment
• using experiment result to answer the question
• conclution

What is scientific method?(2)

The method that scientist use to do research.

Scientific steps:

• Identifying the problem
• Forming a hypothesis
• Planning the experiment
• Controlling the variables
• Collecting data
• Analysing data
• Interpreting data
• Making a conclusion
• Reporting

1. Determining the types and the characteristics of the problems to be solved.
2. Making a general statement that is thought to be true and can be tested based on the evidence collected.
3. Planinng the method to test the accuracy of the hypothesis made.
4. Identifying all variables or aspects that can influence the result of the experiment.
5. Recording data in a systematic way.
6. Explaining data in an objective and logical manner.
7. Giving an explanation about the pattern or relationship based on data collected.
8. Making a generalization rationally. A hypothesis is only accepted as a theory if the results of the scientific study can support the authenticity of the hypothesis.
9. Presenting information or communicating through graphs, tables and reports that are easily understood.

Scientific Attitudes

1. Curiosity
2. Honesty
3. Open-mindedness
4. Tolerance
5. Optimism
6. Courage 
    

• To know what, how, and why something happens.
• Curious to know more and more and try to find other sources if information.
• When you observed the characteristics of plant organs, based on the observation result you want to know more about plant organs, and you decide to continue with another research. 
   

1. A scientific has to report his observation objectively.
2. A scientist must have a wide perspective, be open minded, and be free from presumptions.

Quantitative data

Qualitative Data

 

WORK SAFETY

Work safety is closely related to human activity. At schools, this can be in the form of laboratory work. As you know, a laboratory is specially designed for you to do observational activities and experiments, so that you can work safely.

Who is Responsible for safety ?
Everybody in our school is responsible for work safety at the laboratories and classrooms. The best way to protect yourself and your friends is to consider safety aspect and integral part of any activities and tasks.

Accident Prevention

To conduct an investigation, a teacher needs:

• a description of the accident, including the casualty and

the kind of illness if any.

• a list of causes of the accident.
• description of the accident condition (magnitude).

Hazard Symbols

Science and Technology

What is Science?

• Science is the systematic study of things around us.

What is Technology?

• Technology refers to the study or activity of using scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Limitations and Abuses of Science and Technology

• An interest in studying the marvels of nature
• Open-mindedness and the willingness to listen to other people and accept their opinions
• The willingness to modify one’s own views when faced with new evidence

Good Attitudes toward Scientific Work

• An unbiased attitude in seeking data and information to validate observations or explanations
• The disposition to innovate and find creative solutions and not to jump to conclusions
• A respect for others

Scientific Process

The Process Skills

• Making observations and taking accurate measurements
• Defining a problem
• Suggesting a possible hypothesis
• Designing simple experiments to test the hypothesis
• Processing data and making inferences
• Communicating information effectively in verbal and non-verbal form
• Formulation of a scientific law

Science Laboratory Rules

• General rules
• Specific rules for conducting experiments

 

 

Living things

What kind of things do you find?

• Human
• Plant LIVING THING
• Animal

• House Building
• Water NON LIVING THING
• Soil
• Etc

Charateristic of living things

Respiration/breath

• Respiration is the process of breaking up food and giving of energy

• The respiration process produces energy, water vapor and carbon dioxide

• all living things carry on respiration.

Moving

• All organism move but not all of them are able to move indifferent places

• A plant grows toward the sun light, birds fly,snake slither,horses walk and we walk and run

Growing and developing

• Growing is a changing process by increasing the size and number of cell

• Human being grow from infant to adult like a picture

• The number of cell in your body increases and you get bigger

Responding to stimulus

• The environtmennt is any factors nearby influencing the organism, such as water,weather,temperature,soil,sound and light

Reproduction

• All living things reproduce
• They reproduce young generation ( offspring )

• Reproduction of organism so that they are not extinct

What are needed by living things ?

• Living things need oxygen

• All living things carry on respiration in breathing they need air

• Air contains nitrogen,oxygen,carbon dioxide,water vapor snd other gases

• Without oxtgen in the air, living things will soon die

Living things need water

Figure green,give water Figure yellow without water

Living things need food

• Living things need air,water, space and food

• Each living things has a different need, for example plants need light to get energy or to produce food

• Human and animals need food for getting energy, growing and developing

Conclution

• In the world all things can be derived by two,they are living things and unliving things
• The charateristic of living things are :

1. respiration/breath
2. moving
3. growing and developing
4. responding to stimulus
5. reproduction

Ecosystem

Objectives :

• To identify components in ecosystem and to explain in that sun is the source of energy in the biological system
• To draw the diagram of food chain and food web from an ecosystem

When you study interactions in an ecosystem you also learn ecology

• Ecology is a branch of biology that studies interactions among organisms and environments in ecosystems

Unit of organisms

1. Individual is a single organisms

ex., a rabbit, a cow, an eagle.

2. Population is a group of individuals of species that live in the same area at the same time or all individuals of the same kind that occupy a certain region

ex., rabbit population, cow population, eagle population.

3. Community is a group of population or

all of the population which occupy the same region

4. Ecosystem is interaction between living things with their environment or a complex two directional relationship between organisms and their surrounding, whether biotic or abiotic.

5. Biosphere is a collection of ecosystems found on earth surface.

Ecosystems are distinguished into three as follow :

1. Natural Ecosystem, that is an ecosystem which is formed naturally without human intervention.

ex., desert ecosystem, tropical rain forest ecosystem, oceans ecosystem, freshwater ecosystem (rivers, lakes, and ponds), etc.

2. Artificial Ecosystem, that is an ecosystem which is made on purpose by human.

ex., a pool ecosystem, rice field ecosystem, park ecosystem, artificial rubber forest ecosystem, etc.

3. Succession ecosystem, that is an ecosystem which is the product of environment succession which is preceded by damage.

ex., a region has experienced volcano which gradually form a new ecosystem.

Constituent Components of Ecosystem

1. Biotic Components

1. Autotrophic organisms / Producers

is the organisms that can make their own food or organisms which are able to produce organic material through photosynthesis process. Ex., green plants.

1. Heterotrophic organisms / Consumers

is organisms which cannot produce their own food substance. Ex., all animals and plants which have no chlorophyll.

Types of Heterotrophic organisms:

a. Herbivores, the organisms which consume plants or producers.

b. Carnivores, the organisms that eat animals.

c. Omnivores, the organisms that eat both plants and animals.

2. . Decomposers

are the biotic component that function to decompose organic matter coming from dead organisms or the discharge of digestion residue. Ex., decomposing bacteria and fungi.

2. Abiotic Components

Abiotic parts of an environment include such things as soil, water, air, temperature, sunlight, and climate.

Habitat and Niche

• Habitat is the area where organisms live in. Ex., the habitat of fish in water, the elephant’s habitat is the forest, the cactus's habitat is the desert.
• Niche is the role of an organisms in ecosystem. Ex., the fish’s niche is eating algae to keep its population

Food Chains

Is the process of eating and being eaten or

the transfer of energy from one organisms to another in an ecosystem.

For example;

Daisy ladybug grouse wolf

Food Webs

Is the interconnection of several different food chains produces a more complex model of feeding relationship.

Or

A series of overlapping food chains.

Ex.;

Energy Pyramids

Are one way to show the relationships of organisms in communities. A pyramid of numbers shows how many individuals an ecosystem can support.

Look at the figure:

A pyramid of numbers would include 175 grass seeds, 40 grasshoppers, 5 woodpeckers, and 1 Hawk. Pyramids of numbers may look different from energy pyramids. What would a pyramid of numbers look like if it included one tree and one thousand insect?

Interaction Patterns (Relationships among organisms in community)

1. Competition, when two or more species compete resources
2. Predation, is another interaction in a community in which one organism becomes a predator and see the other as prey. (Predator is animal that hunt, kill, and eat other animals. Prey are animals that are killed by predators.)
3. Symbiosis, the interaction that occurs between two different species that live together in an ecosystem.

symbiosis classified become 3 group ;

a. Mutualism

b. Commensalisms

c. Parasitism

Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Species

• The smallest group of organisms classified which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring
• Scientific name : unique
• e.g. scientific name :

Homo sapiens, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Musa paradisiaca, Saccaromyces cereviceae, Felis canis, Carica papaya, Vitis nucivera, Homo mojokertensis, Gnetum gnemon, Felis tigris.

Five Kingdom System

• Monera
• Protists
• Fungi
• Animals
• Plants

 

Monera (Bacteria and Cyanobacteria)

~Unicellular, microscopic

~No nucleus membrane

• Prokaryotic

~Some have no chlorophyll

• Saprophytic or parasitic
• Saprophytic: feed on dead substances
• Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms
  
  
  Protists
  ~Unicellular; microscopic, and many cells.
  ~Nucleus membrane present
  • Eukaryotic
  ~Autotrophic or heterotrophic
  ~Three groups of protists are :
  1. animal like-protist, ex.; paramecium, amoeba
  2. plants like-protist, ex.; euglena, chlamydomonas
  3. fungi like-protist, ex.; mucus fungi
   
  AMOEBA
   

 

Fungi

~Eukaryotic

~Made up of hyphae

• Mycelium : a mass of hyphae

~No root, stem and leaf

~No chlorophyll

• Saprophytic or parasitic

~Reproduce by forming spores

Animals

~Eukaryotic

~Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone:

• Invertebrates : without backbone
• Vertebrates : with backbone
  
  
  Invertebrates
  
  
  
  Vertebrates
  ~Divided into 5 classes:
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
    
    
  
  Fish
• Aquatic
• Cold-blooded
• Body covered by wet and slimy scales
• Streamline body for easy movement through water
• Fins for balance and to control movement
• Gills for breathing
• External fertilization
  
  
  
  Amphibians

• Cold-blooded
• Moist, unscales skin
• Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs
• External fertilization
  
  
   
  Reptiles

• Cold-blooded
• Body covered by dry and hard scales
• Live on land
• Breathing by lungs
• Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs
  
  
   
  Birds

• Warm-blooded
• With feather
• With wings
• Beak for feeding
• Lungs for breathing
• Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs
  
  
   
  Mammals

• Warm-blooded
• Hairs on skin
• Females have mammary glands for producing milk
• Lungs for breathing
• Diaphragm present
• Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies

 

Plants

• Eukaryotic
• Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

• Autotrophic

• Can be divided into two groups:

• Non-flowering plants
• Flowering plants

Non-flowering plants

• 4 groups:

• Algae
• Mosses
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
  
  
  
  Algae

• Aquatic
• Simple multicellular plants
• No root, stem or leaf
• Contain photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis
  
  

Mosses

• With simple leaves and stems
• No root

• with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water

• No vascular tissues
• Reproduce by spores
• Found in damp area

 

Ferns

• With true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues
• Reproduce by spores
• Live in damp places

Gymnosperms

• Reproduction by producing seeds

• Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed by fruits

                    >naked seeds

• Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss

Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

• With flowers for reproduction
• Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)