Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Species

• The smallest group of organisms classified which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring
• Scientific name : unique
• e.g. scientific name :

Homo sapiens, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Musa paradisiaca, Saccaromyces cereviceae, Felis canis, Carica papaya, Vitis nucivera, Homo mojokertensis, Gnetum gnemon, Felis tigris.

Five Kingdom System

• Monera
• Protists
• Fungi
• Animals
• Plants

 

Monera (Bacteria and Cyanobacteria)

~Unicellular, microscopic

~No nucleus membrane

• Prokaryotic

~Some have no chlorophyll

• Saprophytic or parasitic
• Saprophytic: feed on dead substances
• Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms
  
  
  Protists
  ~Unicellular; microscopic, and many cells.
  ~Nucleus membrane present
  • Eukaryotic
  ~Autotrophic or heterotrophic
  ~Three groups of protists are :
  1. animal like-protist, ex.; paramecium, amoeba
  2. plants like-protist, ex.; euglena, chlamydomonas
  3. fungi like-protist, ex.; mucus fungi
   
  AMOEBA
   

 

Fungi

~Eukaryotic

~Made up of hyphae

• Mycelium : a mass of hyphae

~No root, stem and leaf

~No chlorophyll

• Saprophytic or parasitic

~Reproduce by forming spores

Animals

~Eukaryotic

~Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone:

• Invertebrates : without backbone
• Vertebrates : with backbone
  
  
  Invertebrates
  
  
  
  Vertebrates
  ~Divided into 5 classes:
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
    
    
  
  Fish
• Aquatic
• Cold-blooded
• Body covered by wet and slimy scales
• Streamline body for easy movement through water
• Fins for balance and to control movement
• Gills for breathing
• External fertilization
  
  
  
  Amphibians

• Cold-blooded
• Moist, unscales skin
• Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs
• External fertilization
  
  
   
  Reptiles

• Cold-blooded
• Body covered by dry and hard scales
• Live on land
• Breathing by lungs
• Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs
  
  
   
  Birds

• Warm-blooded
• With feather
• With wings
• Beak for feeding
• Lungs for breathing
• Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs
  
  
   
  Mammals

• Warm-blooded
• Hairs on skin
• Females have mammary glands for producing milk
• Lungs for breathing
• Diaphragm present
• Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies

 

Plants

• Eukaryotic
• Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

• Autotrophic

• Can be divided into two groups:

• Non-flowering plants
• Flowering plants

Non-flowering plants

• 4 groups:

• Algae
• Mosses
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
  
  
  
  Algae

• Aquatic
• Simple multicellular plants
• No root, stem or leaf
• Contain photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis
  
  

Mosses

• With simple leaves and stems
• No root

• with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water

• No vascular tissues
• Reproduce by spores
• Found in damp area

 

Ferns

• With true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues
• Reproduce by spores
• Live in damp places

Gymnosperms

• Reproduction by producing seeds

• Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed by fruits

                    >naked seeds

• Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss

Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

• With flowers for reproduction
• Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)