Diversity of Organisms and Classification

Species

• The smallest group of organisms classified which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring
• Scientific name : unique
• e.g. scientific name :

Homo sapiens, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Musa paradisiaca, Saccaromyces cereviceae, Felis canis, Carica papaya, Vitis nucivera, Homo mojokertensis, Gnetum gnemon, Felis tigris.

Five Kingdom System

• Monera
• Protists
• Fungi
• Animals
• Plants

 

Monera (Bacteria and Cyanobacteria)

~Unicellular, microscopic

~No nucleus membrane

• Prokaryotic

~Some have no chlorophyll

• Saprophytic or parasitic
• Saprophytic: feed on dead substances
• Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms
  
  
  Protists
  ~Unicellular; microscopic, and many cells.
  ~Nucleus membrane present
  • Eukaryotic
  ~Autotrophic or heterotrophic
  ~Three groups of protists are :
  1. animal like-protist, ex.; paramecium, amoeba
  2. plants like-protist, ex.; euglena, chlamydomonas
  3. fungi like-protist, ex.; mucus fungi
   
  AMOEBA
   

 

Fungi

~Eukaryotic

~Made up of hyphae

• Mycelium : a mass of hyphae

~No root, stem and leaf

~No chlorophyll

• Saprophytic or parasitic

~Reproduce by forming spores

Animals

~Eukaryotic

~Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone:

• Invertebrates : without backbone
• Vertebrates : with backbone
  
  
  Invertebrates
  
  
  
  Vertebrates
  ~Divided into 5 classes:
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
    
    
  
  Fish
• Aquatic
• Cold-blooded
• Body covered by wet and slimy scales
• Streamline body for easy movement through water
• Fins for balance and to control movement
• Gills for breathing
• External fertilization
  
  
  
  Amphibians

• Cold-blooded
• Moist, unscales skin
• Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs
• External fertilization
  
  
   
  Reptiles

• Cold-blooded
• Body covered by dry and hard scales
• Live on land
• Breathing by lungs
• Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs
  
  
   
  Birds

• Warm-blooded
• With feather
• With wings
• Beak for feeding
• Lungs for breathing
• Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs
  
  
   
  Mammals

• Warm-blooded
• Hairs on skin
• Females have mammary glands for producing milk
• Lungs for breathing
• Diaphragm present
• Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies

 

Plants

• Eukaryotic
• Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

• Autotrophic

• Can be divided into two groups:

• Non-flowering plants
• Flowering plants

Non-flowering plants

• 4 groups:

• Algae
• Mosses
• Ferns
• Gymnosperms
  
  
  
  Algae

• Aquatic
• Simple multicellular plants
• No root, stem or leaf
• Contain photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis
  
  

Mosses

• With simple leaves and stems
• No root

• with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water

• No vascular tissues
• Reproduce by spores
• Found in damp area

 

Ferns

• With true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues
• Reproduce by spores
• Live in damp places

Gymnosperms

• Reproduction by producing seeds

• Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed by fruits

                    >naked seeds

• Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss

Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

• With flowers for reproduction
• Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

GANGGUAN PADA TULANG

Lordosis

~ Lordosis adalah istilah medis yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan sebuah kelengkungan batin sebagian dari ruas tulang belakang. [1] Dua segmen dari kolom tulang belakang, yaitu serviks dan lumba

Scoliosis

~ Scoliosis (dari bahasa Yunani: skoliōsis makna dari skolios, "bengkok") [1] adalah suatu kondisi medis di mana tulang belakang seseorang yang melengkung dari sisi ke sisi. Walaupun merupakan kelainan bentuk tiga dimensi yang kompleks, pada sinar-x, dilihat dari belakang, tulang belakang individu dengan scoliosis bisa terlihat lebih seperti "S" atau "C" dari sebuah garis lurus

Kyphosis

~ Kyphosis (Yunani - kyphos, punuk), juga disebut bungkuk, adalah kondisi umum dari lengkungan punggung atas. Ini dapat berupa hasil dari penyakit degeneratif (seperti radang sendi), masalah perkembangan, osteoporosis dengan kompresi fraktur vertebra, dan / atau trauma. Dalam arti cacat, itu adalah melengkung patologis pada tulang belakang, di mana bagian kolom tulang belakang kehilangan beberapa atau semua profil lordotic mereka. Hal ini menyebabkan membungkuk dari belakang,

Osteoporosis

~ Osteoporosis adalah penyakit tulang yang menyebabkan peningkatan risiko patah tulang. Osteoporosis secara harfiah berarti 'tulang keropos

Rakhitis

~ Rakhitis adalah penyakit tulang yang sedang berkembang ditandai oleh kegagalan kalsium untuk disimpan dalam tulang. Jadi tulang menjadi lunak dan mudah pecah atau berubah bentuk. Karena penyakit ini mengenai tulang yang sedang tumbuh, itu hanya terjadi pada anak-anak. Tetapi jika tidak diobati akan terus menjadi dewasa.

Disorders ON BONE

     LORDOSIS

          ~Lordosis is a medical term used to describe an inward curvature of a portion of the vertebral column.[1] Two segments of the vertebral column, namely cervical and lumba

SCOLIOSIS

~Scoliosis (from Greek: skoliōsis meaning from skolios, "crooked")[1] is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side. Although it is a complex three-dimensional deformity, on an x-ray, viewed from the rear, the spine of an individual with scoliosis may look more like an "S" or a "C" than a straight line

KYPHOSIS

 ~Kyphosis (Greek - kyphos, a hump), also called hunchback, is a common condition of a curvature of the upper back. It can be either the result of degenerative diseases (such as arthritis), developmental problems, osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebrae, and/or trauma. In the sense of a deformity, it is the pathological curving of the spine, where parts of the spinal column lose some or all of their lordotic profile. This causes a bowing of the back,

OSTEOPOROSIS

~Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture . Osteoporosis literally means 'porous bones

RICKETS

~Rickets is a disease of the bone that is growing is characterized by the failure of calcium to be stored in the bones. So the bones become soft and easily broken or changed shape. Because the disease is about the bones that are growing, it only occurs in children. But if left untreated it will continue into adulthood.

Nutrient Cycles

All living things need chemical nutrients. These include carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, water, and trace elements such as copper and zinc. Chemical nutrients are constantly recycled through Earth’s biosphere-they pass between living and non living things.

 

Carbon cycle

• Carbon is a part of all living things. It moves around the living world in a constant cycle. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and animals take in carbon when they eat plants. Carbon is released when plants and animals decompose.

Carbon Cycle

Water Cycle

• When water in seas and oceans warms up, water vapor evaporates into the atmosphere. It cools as it rises and condenses back into water. Droplets of water from clouds and fall as rain.

Water Cycle

Oxygen Cycle

• During photosynthesis, all plant release oxygen. Living things take in oxygen to break down energy in food.

Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen is needed by living things to make proteins but it must be combined with other elements before it can be used. Some nitrogen is combined by lighting, but most is combined by bacteria that live in soil.

Cell

Cell and Organelles

The Kind of Cell

1.     Prokaryotes, Cell does not have a true nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Ex: Monera kingdom such as Bacteria, Blue Algae

2.     Eukaryotes, Cell with true nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Ex: The kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal

The Figure of Cell

a.     Longitudinal slash of union cell

b.     Bacteria

c.      Spermatozoid

d.     Virus

e.     Red Blood cells

NUKLEUS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

    ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

RIBOSOMES

GOLGY BODY

           VESICLES

The way of vesicles working :
1.     Autophagy
            digest organelles and cell membrane for cell regenerations
2.     Exocytosis
            secretion digestive enzymes
3.     Autolisis
            Destroy all of them self (cell)

            

Vesicles System

MITOCHONDRIA

Centriol

•         Pair of cylindrical structure found in CENTROSOME

•         Near with nucleus

•         Made from microtubule

•         A role in cell division (microtubule branching, forming threads spindle)

MICROTUBULES

§  Containing with tubules protein

§  Building of skeleton cells

§  Forming cilia and flagella

§  Forming threads spindle, as long as cells division

§  Regulating the location of organelles in the cell

Microtubules

Chloroplast

VACUOLE

FAGOSITOSIS

Cell Membrane

• cell barrier
• the place for transport of matter from outside into the cell or vice versa
• signal reception place

MEMBRANE TRANSPORTATIONS

Ø Living organisms are made up of one or more cell.

Ø Cells are the most basic unit of organisms which can function on their own. Cells carry out life processes such as respiration, division, excretion and growth

Ø Cell are the building blocks of an organisms.

Ø Cells work together to keep an organisms.

Ø Cells of living things exist in many sizes and shapes. They can be round, oval, long, short, with tails and so on.

Ø Robert Hooke, a British Scientist, was the first person to study cell.

 Organization of Life

Cell

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism.

Tissue

Tissue is a group of cells that having the same shape and function.

Organs

An organ is a group of tissue that together have the function to support a duty.

Organ System

Several organs cooperate to do a certain work function called an organ system.

Many organ systems that are connected to each other and work together to support a certain function will compose an individual of organism.

Animal cell and Plant cell

•        
Cell is the basic unit of living things

•         human body is built up from millions of cells

System of Plant

Structure and Function of the Plant Tissue

•        The base organ of plant are root, stem and leaf.

•        The structures of them are the same basically, they have the main tissue system consisting of the epidermis, cortex and vascular tissue.

Vascular tissue

•       The vascular tissue fills the inside part of the plant organ. In the inner part of vascular tissue, you can still find the parenchym called pith. You can find two tissues in the vascular tissue named the xylem and phloem.

•        The epidermis is the outer part of the plant   organ. Its function is to protect the inner part of the plant.

•        The cortex is a filter of space between the epidermis and vascular tissue. An example of this tissue are Parenchym, Collenchym, and Schlerenchym.

Root

Two Types :

    1. Taproot = deep into soil

    2. Fibrous Roots = several branching main roots

Root structure :

    - Root Cap

    - Root hairs

    - Cambium

    - Xylem

    - Phloem

FIBROUS ROOT                                                TAP ROOT

 

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT 

  

Roots do not absorb water and minerals through a smooth Epidermis.  Tiny, hair like projections called ROOT HAIRS on the epidermis absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil.  Root Hairs also INCREASE the Surface Area of the Plant Roots. 

 

SUMMARIES.

          All living things  consist of basic units known  as the cells. The cells are microscopic

         In 1665, an English scientist, Robert Hooke  became the first person to study the cell.

         Cells have different shapes and sizes.

         The cell membrane is a semi permeable  layer which surrounds a cell to retain the contents                                                            of the cell.

         Cytoplasm is jelly-like substance which  functions to dissolve food substances and allows  

                  chemical processes in  the cell to take place.

      Without a nucleus, a cell would not live as it is the control centre of all the activities of the cell.

      Animal cells do not have regular shapes as they do not have the cell walls.

      The vacuoles in animal cells are small and numerous.

      Chromosomes are found in the nucleus and responsible for the inherited characteristics of an organism.

      Plant cell can be distinguished from the animal cells with the presence of cell sap, starch grain, chloroplast, and the cell wall.

      Microorganism consist of living thing which can only be seen under a microscope.

      Unicellular organism are microorganism which are made up of one cell and can only be seen under the microscope

      Unicellular organisms perform living activities such as eating and moving.

      Multicellular organism including humans consist of many cell.

      The different cells in multicellular organisms are specially adapted to their functions.

      A specialized cell is a cell that carries out a certain functions.

UNICELLULAR ORGANISM AND MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

·        Microorganism are living things which can only be seen under a microscope.

·        Microorganism spread over a wide habitats including in the water, on

o   plant, in the air, sol’ and in our body.

·        Microorganisms include the bacteria,yeasts, amoeba and viruses.

·        ORGANISM consists of living things  (animal or plant)

·         Unicellular organism are microorganism which are made up of only  one cell and can only be seen under the microscope

·         Unicellular organisms are normally found

o   in damp places such as drains, ponds, rivers and other aquatic places.

·         Unicellular organisms consist of;

·        Animals such as amoeba and paramecium

·        Plants such as euqlena, chlamydomonas, pleurococcus and yeast.

·        Multicellular organisms include humans, animals and plants which consist of many cells.

·        The hydra and spirogyra are two examples of simple multicellular organisms.

·        Hydra is a multicellular animal and spirogyra is a multicellular plant.

·        Multicellular organisms have many types of different cells with distinct and specialfunctions

o   These cause the multicellular organisms to have huge sizes.

·        Each type of the cells carry out specific function and role.